Journal: Virology

Article Title: The low pH-dependent entry of avian reovirus is accompanied by two specific cleavages of the major outer capsid protein mu 2C.

doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0235

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIG. 8. Entry-related cleavages of m2C are cell type- and virus strain-independent. (A) Radiolabeled, purified avian reovirus strain 176 (176) and mammalian reovirus serotype 3 Dearing (T3) were used in an internalization assay, as described in the legend of Fig. 3, using QT6 cells or L929 cells, respectively. Samples were harvested at t Å 0, 45, or 90 min after virus adsorption and analyzed by SDS–PAGE and autoradiography. The locations of individual viral proteins are indicated on the sides of the figure. (B) Radiolabeled, purified avian reovirus strain S1133 was used in an internalization assay, as described in the legend of Fig. 3, using QT6 cells (QT6) or Vero cells (VERO). Samples were harvested at t Å 15, 30, 60, or 90 min after virus adsorption and analyzed by SDS–PAGE and autoradiography. The locations of individual viral proteins are indicated on the sides of the figure.

Article Snippet: The mammalian reovirus serotype 3 (Dearing strain)Since enveloped viruses utilize the same mechanism was obtained from Patrick Lee (University of Calgary)to mediate the membrane interactions involved in both and was plaque purified and grown in murine L929 cells.virus entry and syncytium formation (Bentz, 1993), avian Murine L929 cells (ATCC number 1-CCL) and Vero cellsreovirus entry was investigated to determine whether the (ATCC number 81-CCL) were obtained from the Ameri-neutral pH, fusion-inducing activity of s3 might bypass can Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Virus, Purification, Adsorption, SDS Page, Autoradiography

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Host‐Directed Antiviral Activity of SB2960 Through Selective Induction and Remodeling of Stress Granules

doi: 10.1002/advs.202512972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structure‐activity relationship (SAR) analysis of benzopyranylpyrazole‐based stress granule (SG) inducers. A) SAR strategy highlighting modification at R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 positions on the benzopyranylpyrazole scaffold. B,C) Quantification of SG formation in Vero cells treated with each analog (20 µ m ) or sodium arsenite (NaAs, 250 µ m ) as a positive control. SGs were visualized by G3BP1 immunofluorescence, and SG number per cell was quantified. Data represent mean ± SD (n ≥ 3).

Article Snippet: Vero kidney epithelial cells derived from the African green monkey were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank [KCLB] (KCLB No.10081).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Modification, Positive Control, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Host‐Directed Antiviral Activity of SB2960 Through Selective Induction and Remodeling of Stress Granules

doi: 10.1002/advs.202512972

Figure Lengend Snippet: SB2960 induces stress granules (SGs), modulates innate immunity, and exhibits low cytotoxicity. A) Dose‐dependent SG induction in Vero cells by SB2960, visualized by G3BP1 staining. SB2910 served as an inactive control and did not induce SG formation even at 100 µ m . B) qRT‐PCR analysis of antiviral genes in poly(I:C)‐stimulated G3BP1‐GFP U‐2 OS cells treated with SB2960 (20 µ m ). Data represent mean ± SD (n = 3–4). Statistical values were calculated using one‐way ANOVA. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. C) Proteomic profiling comparing poly(I:C) versus poly(I:C) + SB2960 in G3BP1‐GFP U‐2 OS cells. The line graph (top) shows the average expression of proteins upregulated by poly(I:C) and downregulated by SB2960 (n = 3). The bar graph (bottom) presents the top seven Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes enriched in this protein cluster, ranked by p‐ value. D,E) Annexin V/PI flow cytometry and LDH release assay in Vero cells showing minimal cytotoxicity up to 100 µ m SB2960, in contrast to sodium arsenite (NaAs) (n = 3). F) Co‐immunofluorescence staining for G3BP1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein in infected Vero cells treated with SB2960. Scale bar is 30 µm.

Article Snippet: Vero kidney epithelial cells derived from the African green monkey were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank [KCLB] (KCLB No.10081).

Techniques: Staining, Control, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Immunofluorescence, Infection

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Host‐Directed Antiviral Activity of SB2960 Through Selective Induction and Remodeling of Stress Granules

doi: 10.1002/advs.202512972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Identification of RACK1 as a mechanistic mediator of SB2960. A) Chemical structure of SB2991, a molecular glue degrader probe derived from SB2960 for chemoproteomic target identification. B) 2D differential gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE)‐based identification of proteins selectively degraded by SB2991. Green spots indicate SB2991‐depleted proteins and were analyzed by LC‐MS. C,D) Western blot showing dose‐dependent RACK1 degradation by SB2991 and rescue by SB2960 treatment. Numbers below each blot represent mean values from independent experiments, normalized to the DMSO control. E) Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showing thermal stabilization of RACK1 upon SB2960 treatment in G3BP1‐GFP U‐2 OS cells; α‐tubulin served as control. Data represent mean ± SD (n = 2). F) G3BP1 immunofluorescence analysis in Vero cells with or without RACK1 knockdown and SB2960 treatment. RACK1 knockdown enhanced SB2960‐induced SG formation. Scale bar is 30 µm. Data represent mean ± SD (n = 3).

Article Snippet: Vero kidney epithelial cells derived from the African green monkey were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank [KCLB] (KCLB No.10081).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Drug discovery, Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Western Blot, Control, Thermal Shift Assay, Immunofluorescence, Knockdown

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Attenuation of Vaccinia Tian Tan Strain by Removal of Viral TC7L-TK2L and TA35R Genes

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031979

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of MVTT1, MVTT2, MVTT3, or VTT (0.05 PFU/cell) and infection times on the cell viabilities of HeLa (A), MDCK (B), PK(15) (C), BHK-21 (D), and Vero (E). Cells were seeded in 96-well plates (1×10 4 cells/well) one day before they were infected with 0.05 PFU/cell of MVTT1, MVTT2, MVTT3, or VTT. Cell viability was measured daily for 4 d by MTT colorimetric assay. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: BHK-21 hamster kidney cells, PK(15) porcine kidney cells, HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, and Vero African green monkey kidney cells were obtained from the China Center for Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Infection, Colorimetric Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Attenuation of Vaccinia Tian Tan Strain by Removal of Viral TC7L-TK2L and TA35R Genes

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031979

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confluent monolayers of PK(15), MDCK, HeLa, BHK-21 and Vero cells in 12-well plates were infected with 0.05 PFU/cell of MVTT1, MVTT2, MVTT3, or VTT viruses. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 2 d prior to staining with 0.1% crystal violet. The pathogenicity of MVTT1, MVTT2, and MVTT3 apparently decreased in all five cell lines (compared with VTT as the control).

Article Snippet: BHK-21 hamster kidney cells, PK(15) porcine kidney cells, HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, and Vero African green monkey kidney cells were obtained from the China Center for Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Staining, Control

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Attenuation of Vaccinia Tian Tan Strain by Removal of Viral TC7L-TK2L and TA35R Genes

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031979

Figure Lengend Snippet: PK(15), MDCK, HeLa, BHK-21 and Vero cells infected with 0.05 MOI of VTT and the mutants, and then the viruses were harvested and titrated in BHK-21 cells. Virus titer was determined by measuring the plaque assays.

Article Snippet: BHK-21 hamster kidney cells, PK(15) porcine kidney cells, HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, and Vero African green monkey kidney cells were obtained from the China Center for Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Infection, Virus